copula

hjeat   /ʃæːt/ /çæːt/ v. Etym: MR. héhtt; OR. hǫhtt; PR. *hǫhht (*huh-); PH. *ḵɤ̄h- (*ṯuh-); PL. *kajʔ- (NEG), *tuʔ- (NEG). EN not, not be. DE nicht, nicht sein. PL nie, nie być. auxiliary, copula, irregular*. stem: híH-. npst: hjei : hjeà : hjeaș : hjeú. pst: húei*. npst adv: hûșevú*. pst adv: hovúl*. ger: hunș*. phonology when unstressed and following a stressed predicate or main verb, forms in h- can elide their intial sound; this does not apply to forms in hj- grammar followed by connegative if not used as a copula; using it with vat is ungrammatical grammar when used on its own, it acts as a negated vat grammar when used to negate existence, the verb is used impersonally (3S only) and the noun is placed into the genitive grammar when an adjective is the predicate, some sort of characteristic is implied: for stative predicates, the adverb is used instead Vardta hjei! I can't see! Re ven dvaos hjeà. You are no son of mine. Hjeú an Þydeșesk. They aren't from Germany. Hjeaș hjeg steral. There's no water here. Ven hojeng-ușeș kjelvusk. I didn't have the energy today. Notes some dialects use this verb as an auxiliary suffix Vardta'i! I can't see! (dialect). Vardta'ușei. I couldn't see. (dialect). see: vat ‘affirmative copula’; -ta ‘connegative ending’.

retyet   /ˈrɛtiet/ v. Etym: MR. røtýtt, retýtt; OR. røtȳtt; PR. *ratȳtht, *røtȳtht; PH. *satȳ́t-; PL. *(s)n̥t’-íwt’-; PL. *(s)nat'- (to become). EN become. DE werden zu. PL stać się, zostać. copula. stem: retýt-. npst: retyete : retyeta : retyetș : retyetú. pst: retýșei. npst adv: retyestivú. pst adv: retýtúl. ger: retýtinș. grammar As a copula, it takes two nominative arguments. grammar when an adjective is the predicate, some sort of characteristic is implied: for stative predicates, the adverb is used instead Virș dvaos hvarþjaudzs retýtúl-aș. My son has become a cryomancer. Detuobș retyeta! You're getting taller! (characteristic). Detúb retyeta! You're getting taller! (state; unexpected, e.g. you have just drunk a magic make-me-taller potion).

vat   /vat/ v. Etym: MR. hłatt (pst. huljere, hulere); OR. hlatt; PR. *hɨlht; PH. *p̄ɯl-; PL. *pɯl- (to be); PL. *(s)nat’- (to become). EN be, there is... DE sein, es gibt... PL być, jest/są... copula, irregular*. stem: va-, rn[a^o]t-. npst: vage*, vai (colloquial) : vaga, vá (colloquial) : vaș : vagú*, vau (colloquial). pst: hâlei* (← hŭlj-), rnoșei; holei (dialectal). npst adv: rnastivú*. pst adv: rnatúl*. ger: hvunș*, rnatunș. phonology when unstressed and following a stressed predicate, forms in v- and h- can elide their initial sound grammar generally, the verbal noun hvunș refers to identities, whereas rnatunș refers to states grammar the past form rnoșei has a similar distinction, though is much rarer, used to contrast the past from the present grammar when an adjective is the predicate, some sort of characteristic is implied: for stative predicates, the adverb is used instead Þyriș-age. I'm German. Hjas-aș er hlýganga. There is water on the ground. Hjas er hlýganga vaș. The water is on the ground. hnír-vunș being a soldier. steral rnatunș being here. rņelfíș-t rnatunș being sad. Rņelfíș-âlei. I was (a) sad (person). (characteristic). Rņelfeí hâlei. I was sad. (state). Rņelfeí rnoșei. I was sad (back then; not anymore). see: hjeat ‘negated’.